Title: Akkadian Study Guide
Tags: Akkadian::Lesson1 Akkadian Akkadian::Vocabulary Vocabulary
On every note of this deck, unless a note says otherwise:
Source: A Grammar Of Akkadian Third Edition by John Huehnergard

SHORT VOWELS | LONG VOWELS
a as in swap | ā, â as in father
e as in pet | ē, ê as in rein
i as in pit | ī, î as in marine
u as in put | ū, û as in rule

Q: Pronounce [...] as [...]
A: š; sh in shot

Q: [...] is also transcribed as [...].
A: y; j

Pronounce:
q like k
ṣ like ts
ṭ like t
ḫ like ch in German ach

Q: [...] is transcribed [...]. It is the [...].
A: Aleph; ʾ; glottal stop

Q: In modern Akkadian dictionaries, [...] is ignored in alphabetization.
A: ' (aleph)

Alphabetization in modern Akkadian dictionaries is as follows:
a, b, d, e, g, ḫ, i, j( y), k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, ṣ, š, t, ṭ, u, w, z

Q: The cuneiform writing system was based on [...].
A: syllables
Extra: It is therefore important that the student be able to determine the syllables that make up Akkadian words.

Q: There are three essential rules for syllables:
1. Every syllable has [...]
2. No syllable may [...]
3. No syllable may [...].
A: one, and only one, vowel.; begin with a vowel. (Except at the beginning of a word or the second of two vowels.); begin or end with two consonants

Front: abum
Back: father
Notes: Part of Speech: noun
Gender: masculine
Hebrew Cognate: אָב (father)
Resource: A Grammar Of Akkadian Third Edition by John Huehnergard, Lesson 1

Front: ālum
Back: town, city
Notes: Part of Speech: noun
Gender: masculine
Hebrew Cognate: אֹ֫הֶל (tent)
Resource: A Grammar Of Akkadian Third Edition by John Huehnergard, Lesson 1

Front: amtum
Back: female slave
Notes: Part of Speech: noun
Gender: feminine
Hebrew Cognate: אָמָה (female slave)
Resource: A Grammar Of Akkadian Third Edition by John Huehnergard, Lesson 1

Front: bēlum
Back: lord, master, owner
Notes: Part of Speech: noun
Gender: masculine
Hebrew Cognate: בַּ֫עַל (lord, master; Baal)
Resource: A Grammar Of Akkadian Third Edition by John Huehnergard, Lesson 1

Front: ḫurāṣum
Back: gold
Notes: Part of Speech: noun
Gender: masculine
Hebrew Cognate: חָרוּץ (gold (poetic and late, זָהָב))
Resource: A Grammar Of Akkadian Third Edition by John Huehnergard, Lesson 1

Front: iltum
Back: goddess
Notes: Part of Speech: noun
Gender: feminine
Hebrew Cognate: אֵל (אֱלֹהִים) (god)
Resource: A Grammar Of Akkadian Third Edition by John Huehnergard, Lesson 1

Front: ilum
Back: god
Notes: Part of Speech: noun
Gender: masculine
Hebrew Cognate: אֵל (אֱלֹהִים) (god)
Resource: A Grammar Of Akkadian Third Edition by John Huehnergard, Lesson 1

Front: kaspum
Back: silver
Notes: Part of Speech: noun
Gender: masculine
Hebrew Cognate: כֶּסֶף (silver)
Resource: A Grammar Of Akkadian Third Edition by John Huehnergard, Lesson 1

Front: mārtum
Back: daughter
Notes: Part of Speech: noun
Gender: feminine
Resource: A Grammar Of Akkadian Third Edition by John Huehnergard, Lesson 1

Front: mārum
Back: son
Notes: Part of Speech: noun
Gender: masculine
Resource: A Grammar Of Akkadian Third Edition by John Huehnergard, Lesson 1

Front: qaqqadum (3 answers)
Back: head, top
person
principle (amount)
Notes: Part of Speech: noun
Gender: masculine
Hebrew Cognate: קָדְקֹד (crown, skull)
Resource: A Grammar Of Akkadian Third Edition by John Huehnergard, Lesson 1

Front: šarratum
Back: queen
Notes: Part of Speech: noun
Gender: feminine
Hebrew Cognate: שָׂרָה (princess)
Resource: A Grammar Of Akkadian Third Edition by John Huehnergard, Lesson 1

Front: šarrum
Back: king
Notes: Part of Speech: noun
Gender: masculine
Hebrew Cognate: שַׂר (commander, political leader)
Resource: A Grammar Of Akkadian Third Edition by John Huehnergard, Lesson 1

Front: wardum
Back: male slave
Notes: Part of Speech: noun
Gender: masculine
Resource: A Grammar Of Akkadian Third Edition by John Huehnergard, Lesson 1

Front: u
Back: and
Notes: Part of Speech: conjunction
Resource: A Grammar Of Akkadian Third Edition by John Huehnergard, Lesson 1

Front: In Akkadian, what is the characteristic of light syllables?
Back: ends in a short vowel
Notes: Short | Heavy | Ultraheavy
a | ā | â
— | am | ām or âm
Resource: A Grammar Of Akkadian Third Edition by John Huehnergard

Front: In Akkadian, what are the characteristics of heavy syllables?
Back: end in a macron-long vowel (e.g. ā)
or end in a short vowel + consonant
Notes: Short | Heavy | Ultraheavy
short vowel | macron-long vowel | circumflex-long vowel
— | short vowel + consonant | long vowel + consonant
Short | Heavy | Ultraheavy
a | ā | â
— | am | ām or âm
Resource: A Grammar Of Akkadian Third Edition by John Huehnergard

Front: In Akkadian, what are the characteristics of ultra-heavy syllables?
Back: ends in a circumflex-long vowel (e.g. â)
or ends in a long vowel + a consonant
Notes: Short | Heavy | Ultraheavy
short vowel | macron-long vowel | circumflex-long vowel
— | short vowel + consonant | long vowel + consonant
Short | Heavy | Ultraheavy
a | ā | â
— | am | ām or âm
Resource: A Grammar Of Akkadian Third Edition by John Huehnergard

Q: In Akkadian, stress can be determined based on:
1. If the [...], it is stressed.
2. Otherwise, the [...] syllable is stressed.
3. Otherwise, the [...] syllable is stressed.
A: last syllable is ultraheavy; last non-final heavy or ultraheavy; first
Extra: Stress goes as far forward as as the syllable type allows.

Front: Which Akkadian consonants are voiced? (4 answers)
Back: b, d, g, z
Resource: A Grammar Of Akkadian Third Edition by John Huehnergard

Front: Which Akkadian consonants are voiceless? (4 answers)
Back: p,  k,  s,  t
Resource: A Grammar Of Akkadian Third Edition by John Huehnergard

Front: Which Akkadian consonants are emphatic? (3 answers)
Back: q,  ṣ,  ṭ
Resource: A Grammar Of Akkadian Third Edition by John Huehnergard

Front: On what syllable does the stress naturally fall in Akkadian?
Back: the first
Notes: See the rule to determine when to move it further back:
1. If the last syllable is ultraheavy, it is stressed.
  - This is the only time the last syllable can be stressed.
2. Otherwise, the last non-final heavy or ultraheavy syllable is stressed.
  - This is the only time a middle syllable can be stressed.
3. Otherwise, the first syllable is stressed.
Resource: A Grammar Of Akkadian Third Edition by John Huehnergard

Front: father
Back: abum
Notes: Part of Speech: noun
Gender: masculine
Hebrew Cognate: אָב (father)
Resource: A Grammar Of Akkadian Third Edition by John Huehnergard, Lesson 1

Front: town, city
Back: ālum
Notes: Part of Speech: noun
Gender: masculine
Hebrew Cognate: אֹ֫הֶל (tent)
Resource: A Grammar Of Akkadian Third Edition by John Huehnergard, Lesson 1

Front: female slave
Back: amtum
Notes: Part of Speech: noun
Gender: feminine
Hebrew Cognate: אָמָה (female slave)
Resource: A Grammar Of Akkadian Third Edition by John Huehnergard, Lesson 1

Front: lord, master, owner
Back: bēlum
Notes: Part of Speech: noun
Gender: masculine
Hebrew Cognate: בַּ֫עַל (lord, master; Baal)
Resource: A Grammar Of Akkadian Third Edition by John Huehnergard, Lesson 1

Front: gold
Back: ḫurāṣum
Notes: Part of Speech: noun
Gender: masculine
Hebrew Cognate: חָרוּץ (gold (poetic and late, זָהָב))
Resource: A Grammar Of Akkadian Third Edition by John Huehnergard, Lesson 1

Front: goddess
Back: iltum
Notes: Part of Speech: noun
Gender: feminine
Hebrew Cognate: אֵל (אֱלֹהִים) (god)
Resource: A Grammar Of Akkadian Third Edition by John Huehnergard, Lesson 1

Front: god
Back: ilum
Notes: Part of Speech: noun
Gender: masculine
Hebrew Cognate: אֵל (אֱלֹהִים) (god)
Resource: A Grammar Of Akkadian Third Edition by John Huehnergard, Lesson 1

Front: silver
Back: kaspum
Notes: Part of Speech: noun
Gender: masculine
Hebrew Cognate: כֶּסֶף (silver)
Resource: A Grammar Of Akkadian Third Edition by John Huehnergard, Lesson 1

Front: daughter
Back: mārtum
Notes: Part of Speech: noun
Gender: feminine
Resource: A Grammar Of Akkadian Third Edition by John Huehnergard, Lesson 1

Front: son
Back: mārum
Notes: Part of Speech: noun
Gender: masculine
Resource: A Grammar Of Akkadian Third Edition by John Huehnergard, Lesson 1

Front: head, top
Back: qaqqadum
Notes: Part of Speech: noun
Gender: masculine
Hebrew Cognate: קָדְקֹד (crown, skull)
Additional Meanings: person, principle (amount)
Resource: A Grammar Of Akkadian Third Edition by John Huehnergard, Lesson 1

Front: person
Back: qaqqadum
Notes: Part of Speech: noun
Gender: masculine
Hebrew Cognate: קָדְקֹד (crown, skull)
Additional Meanings: head, top, principle (amount)
Resource: A Grammar Of Akkadian Third Edition by John Huehnergard, Lesson 1

Front: principle (amount)
Back: qaqqadum
Notes: Part of Speech: noun
Gender: masculine
Hebrew Cognate: קָדְקֹד (crown, skull)
Additional Meanings: head, top, person
Resource: A Grammar Of Akkadian Third Edition by John Huehnergard, Lesson 1

Front: queen
Back: šarratum
Notes: Part of Speech: noun
Gender: feminine
Hebrew Cognate: שָׂרָה (princess)
Resource: A Grammar Of Akkadian Third Edition by John Huehnergard, Lesson 1

Front: king
Back: šarrum
Notes: Part of Speech: noun
Gender: masculine
Hebrew Cognate: שַׂר (commander, political leader)
Resource: A Grammar Of Akkadian Third Edition by John Huehnergard, Lesson 1

Front: male slave
Back: wardum
Notes: Part of Speech: noun
Gender: masculine
Resource: A Grammar Of Akkadian Third Edition by John Huehnergard, Lesson 1

Front: and
Back: u
Notes: Part of Speech: conjunction
Resource: A Grammar Of Akkadian Third Edition by John Huehnergard, Lesson 1

Front: How many vowels are in Akkadian?
Back: 4 (a, e, i, u)
come in short and long
Resource: Huehnergard, 1

Front: ṣābum (2 answers)
Back: gang, army, troop
soldier, worker
Notes: Part of Speech: noun
Gender: masculine
Hebrew Cognate: צָבָא (troops)
Resource: A Grammar Of Akkadian Third Edition by John Huehnergard, Lesson 1

Front: gang, army, troop
Back: ṣābum
Notes: Part of Speech: noun
Gender: masculine
Hebrew Cognate: צָבָא (troops)
Additional Meanings: soldier, worker
Resource: A Grammar Of Akkadian Third Edition by John Huehnergard, Lesson 1

Front: soldier, worker
Back: ṣābum
Notes: Part of Speech: noun
Gender: masculine
Hebrew Cognate: צָבָא (troops)
Additional Meanings: gang, army, troop
Resource: A Grammar Of Akkadian Third Edition by John Huehnergard, Lesson 1