Title: Akkadian Study Guide
Tags: Akkadian Akkadian::Lesson6
On every note of this deck, unless a note says otherwise:
Resource: A Grammar Of Akkadian Third Edition by John Huehnergard

Front: What Protosemitic letters dropped out and what was the effect in Akkadian?
Back: The alephs
They cause changes to the vowels (lengthening and shifting).
Notes: - If a word began or ended with an ʾ_1-7, the aleph was lost with no change to the word.
*ʾabum > abum (father)
(exception for w, eg wardum)
- If a word lost an ʾ_1-7 next to a vowel, the vowel lengthend with a macron.
*nahrum > nārum (river)
- If a word lost an ʾ_1-7 between vowels, the two vowels went thru changes based on what they were:
  - e or i followed by a = no change (if first vowel is long, it will become short)
  - ā or ē followed by i = ê
  - XY = Ŷ

Front: If a word began or ended with an ʾ_1-7, what changes occured in the word?
Back: aleph was lost with no change
(except kept thw w)
Notes: - If a word began or ended with an ʾ_1-7, the aleph was lost with no change to the word.
*ʾabum > abum (father)
(exception for w, eg wardum)
- If a word lost an ʾ_1-7 next to a vowel, the vowel lengthend with a macron.
*nahrum > nārum (river)
- If a word lost an ʾ_1-7 between vowels, the two vowels went thru changes based on what they were:
  - e or i followed by a = no change (if first vowel is long, it will become short)
  - ā or ē followed by i = ê
  - XY = Ŷ

Front: If a word lost an ʾ_1-7 next to a vowel, what changes occured in the word?
Back: vowel lengthened to a macron long vowel
Notes: - If a word began or ended with an ʾ_1-7, the aleph was lost with no change to the word.
*ʾabum > abum (father)
(exception for w, eg wardum)
- If a word lost an ʾ_1-7 next to a vowel, the vowel lengthend with a macron.
*nahrum > nārum (river)
- If a word lost an ʾ_1-7 between vowels, the two vowels went thru changes based on what they were:
  - e or i followed by a = no change (if first vowel is long, it will become short)
  - ā or ē followed by i = ê
  - XY = Ŷ

Front: If a word lost an ʾ_1-7 between vowels, what changes occured in the word?
Back: two vowels combined and lengthened
Notes: - If a word began or ended with an ʾ_1-7, the aleph was lost with no change to the word.
*ʾabum > abum (father)
(exception for w, eg wardum)
- If a word lost an ʾ_1-7 next to a vowel, the vowel lengthend with a macron.
*nahrum > nārum (river)
- If a word lost an ʾ_1-7 between vowels, the two vowels went thru changes based on what they were:
  - e or i followed by a = no change (if first vowel is long, it will become short)
  - ā or ē followed by i = ê
  - XY = Ŷ

Front: If a word lost an ʾ_1-7 between an e or i vowel and an a vowel, what changes occured in the word?
Back: no change (if first vowel is long, it will become short)
e.g. *rabiʾam > rabiam
Notes: - If a word began or ended with an ʾ_1-7, the aleph was lost with no change to the word.
*ʾabum > abum (father)
(exception for w, eg wardum)
- If a word lost an ʾ_1-7 next to a vowel, the vowel lengthend with a macron.
*nahrum > nārum (river)
- If a word lost an ʾ_1-7 between vowels, the two vowels went thru changes based on what they were:
  - e or i followed by a = no change (if first vowel is long, it will become short)
  - ā or ē followed by i = ê
  - XY = Ŷ

Front: If a word lost an ʾ_1-7 between an ā or ē vowel and an i vowel, what changes occured in the word?
Back: combined to ê
e.g. banā+im = banêm ‘to build (gen.)’;
Notes: - If a word began or ended with an ʾ_1-7, the aleph was lost with no change to the word.
*ʾabum > abum (father)
(exception for w, eg wardum)
- If a word lost an ʾ_1-7 next to a vowel, the vowel lengthend with a macron.
*nahrum > nārum (river)
- If a word lost an ʾ_1-7 between vowels, the two vowels went thru changes based on what they were:
  - e or i followed by a = no change (if first vowel is long, it will become short)
  - ā or ē followed by i = ê
  - XY = Ŷ

Front: If a word lost an ʾ_1-7 between any two vowels except e/i followed by a and ā/ē followed by i, what changes occured in the word?
Back: XY = Ŷ
ibni+ū > ibnû ‘they (m) built’
Notes: - If a word began or ended with an ʾ_1-7, the aleph was lost with no change to the word.
*ʾabum > abum (father)
(exception for w, eg wardum)
- If a word lost an ʾ_1-7 next to a vowel, the vowel lengthend with a macron.
*nahrum > nārum (river)
- If a word lost an ʾ_1-7 between vowels, the two vowels went thru changes based on what they were:
  - e or i followed by a = no change (if first vowel is long, it will become short)
  - ā or ē followed by i = ê
  - XY = Ŷ

Front: Recite the masculine paradigm for annum.
Back: Annum (this/these)
 | Masculine | Feminine
Nom S | annûm | annītum
Gen S | annîm | annītim
Acc S | anniam | annītam
Nom P | annûtum | anniātum
Gen/Acc P | annûtim | anniātim
Notes: Note: This paradigm demonstrates the effect of the aleph and vowel changes. annum in Proto-Semitic was *hanniy-. The h is dropped without any affect. However, when the y is dropped and the endings are added, vowel changes occur.

Front: Recite the feminine paradigm for annum.
Back: Annum (this/these)
 | Masculine | Feminine
Nom S | annûm | annītum
Gen S | annîm | annītim
Acc S | anniam | annītam
Nom P | annûtum | anniātum
Gen/Acc P | annûtim | anniātim
Notes: Note: This paradigm demonstrates the effect of the aleph and vowel changes. annum in Proto-Semitic was *hanniy-. The h is dropped without any affect. However, when the y is dropped and the endings are added, vowel changes occur.

Front: Recite the masculine paradigm for šū.
Back: šū (that/those)
 | Masculine | Feminine
Nom S | šū | šī
Gen/Acc S | šuāti (šuātu, šâti, šâtu) | šuāti (šâti, šiāti)
Dat S | šuāšim (šâšim, šâšum) | šuāšim (šâšim, šiāšim)
Nom P | šunu | šina
Gen/Acc P | šunuti | šināti
Dat P | šunūšim | --
Notes: The forms in parentheses are dialectictical variations.

Front: Recite the feminine paradigm for šū.
Back: šū (that/those)
 | Masculine | Feminine
Nom S | šū | šī
Gen/Acc S | šuāti (šuātu, šâti, šâtu) | šuāti (šâti, šiāti)
Dat S | šuāšim (šâšim, šâšum) | šuāšim (šâšim, šiāšim)
Nom P | šunu | šina
Gen/Acc P | šunuti | šināti
Dat P | šunūšim | --
Notes: The forms in parentheses are dialectictical variations.

Front: What is a denominative adjective?
Back: an adjective formed by a noun.
Notes: As opposed to verbal adjectives formed from verbs.

Front: How are denominative adjectives formed?
Back: adding -ī- to the base and then the endings.
Notes: maḫr + -ī- + -um/-im/-am
maḫrûm, maḫrîm, maḫriam